kjhp Korean Journal of Health Promotion Korean J Health Promot 2234-2141 2093-5676 The Korean Society of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention 10.15384/kjhp.2015.15.4.254 kjhp-15-254 Original Article Effects of High-speed Elastic Band Training on Physical Fitness and Muscle Function in Rural Community-dwelling Elderly: a Single-blinded Randomized Controlled Trial SonJun Seok 1 KangDongheon 1 YoonDong Hyun 1 KimDae-Young 1 KimHee-jae 1 KimJang Hoe 1 SoByunghun 1 SongHan Sol 1 HwangSu Seung 1 SongWook 1 2 Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Institute of Sport Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea Institute on Aging, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea ￭ Corresponding author：Wook Song, PhD Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Institute of Sport Science, Institute on Aging, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea Tel: +82-2-880-7791, Fax: +82-2-872-2867 E-mail: songw3@snu.ac.kr 122015 19122015 154 254261 01092015 26102015 Copyright © 2015 The Korean Society of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention 2015 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Background

Aging related decrease in muscle strength and flexibility leads to functional loss of physical ability. Power training is known to improve these capacities and helps in performing daily routine better. Therefore, we modified previously proven and certified sarcopenia intervention exercise for elderly in rural community and applied them to examine the effects on physical fitness and muscle functions to show its applicability.

 Methods

Subjects were divided into control and exercise group using single-blind method. Exercise group underwent high-speed elastic band training(concentric contraction in 1 second) 2 days per week for 12 weeks. Before and after the intervention, we performed body composition analysis, anthropometric measurement, blood test, blood pressure check, senior fitness test (SFT), upper body and lower body strength examination. Korean version of Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (K-PASE), and Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) were also assessed.

 Results

Body weight in control group was significantly increased (Paired t-test: P＝0.008), although it was consistent in exercise group (Group×Time: P＝0.013). 30-second chair stand (P＜0.001) and 30-second arm curl (P＜0.001) of the senior fitness test were also significantly improved in exercise group compared to control. In addition, muscle strength of knee flexion (P＝0.034) and K-PASE score (P＜0.001) were improved in training group with statistical significance.

 Conclusions

The modified high-speed elastic band training for rural elderly improved muscle strength and daily physical performance. This result suggests a simple and easy to perform band training could be an excellent solution to prevent sarcopenia in rural elderly. It also supports the evidence that this program would be widely distributed.

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Flow chart of cluster randomized controlled trial.

Basic characteristics and anthropometric data of subjects before and after high-speed elastic band traininga

Control group (n=16) HSEBT group (n=16) ANOVA (P)b
Pre-test Post-test Pre-test Post-test
Characteristics
Age, y 73.8±5.0 72.2±3.6
Height, cm 156.21±8.07 155.94±8.27 151.91±6.36 151.44±6.58 0.551
Body weight, kg 57.58±7.33 58.56±7.37c 54.33±8.10 54.06±7.85 0.013
Skeletal muscle mass, kg 20.44±4.19 19.15±4.69 19.41±2.54 17.76±3.67 0.671
BMI, kg/m2 23.64±2.93 24.19±2.92 23.49±2.81 23.82±2.80 0.275
Fat percent, % 33.26±8.88 38.63±11.64 31.83±9.07 38.47±8.59 0.647
WHR, ratio 0.87±0.05 0.86±0.05 0.87±0.04 0.87±0.08 0.685
Anthropometry
Upper arm circumference, cm 25.72±3.50 27.13±2.57 24.38±2.81 25.88±2.41 0.899
Thigh circumference, cm 48.66±4.66 48.72±4.02 48.75±3.76 47.88±4.11 0.269
Waist circumference, cm 86.06±6.22 89.28±4.74 81.78±9.00 86.56±8.37 0.272

Abbreviations: HSEBT, High-speed elastic band training; BMI, Body mass index; WHR, Waist-hip ratio.

Mean±SD.

Two-way analysis of variance.

Paired t-test, P=0.008, compared with pre-test.

Blood lipid profiles and blood pressure after high-speed elastic band traininga

Control group (n=16) HSEBT group (n=16) ANOVA (P)b
Pre-test Post-test Pre-test Post-test
Blood profiles
Glucose, mg/dL 101.25±19.15 101.94±17.90 92.50±16.40 101.25±26.42 0.355
Total cholesterol, mg/dL 180.81±34.14 174.75±36.27 196.81±44.42 193.00±42.11 0.744
Triglyceride, mg/dL 115.88±54.86 124.88±57.78 112.50±43.36 116.75±42.79 0.664
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL 109.38±29.61 102.88±33.83 118.63±35.89 111.13±30.98 0.864
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL 49.25±9.67 50.25±11.61 56.81±16.91 61.69±19.02 0.146
Blood pressures
Systolic pressure, mmHg 139.63±11.42 134.56±16.40 134.50±16.03 139.00±12.23 0.068
Diastolic pressure, mmHg 76.25±9.64 79.44±8.94 75.94±11.41 78.13±7.95 0.723

Abbreviations: HSEBT, High-speed elastic band training; LDL, Low-density lipoprotein; HDL, High-density lipoprotein.

Mean±SD.

Two-way analysis of variance.

Senior Fitness Test, muscle strength, K-PASE and CES-D of balance and tone group and high-speed power training groupa

Control group (n=16) HSEBT group (n=16) ANOVA (P)b
Pre-test Post-test Pre-test Post-test
Senior Fitness Test
30-seconds chair stand, reps 10.81±1.97 11.38±2.31 11.38±2.31 16.63±2.53c d ＜0.001
30-seconds arm curl, reps 13.81±2.04 15.63±3.10e 14.19±4.65 24.50±3.90f g ＜0.001
2-minutes step, reps 174.38±31.88 219.44±15.52 188.88±48.95 234.31±38.56 0.972
Chair sit-and –reach, cm 2.50±15.56 9.09±13.81 6.03±11.82 14.83±12.11 0.611
Back stretch test, cm -14.66±12.41 -11.73±9.82 -10.56±11.52 -11.06±15.71 0.235
244 cm up & go, sec 9.31±2.95 9.62±1.71 10.23±3.80 9.20±2.09 0.178
Muscle strength
Isometric knee extension, Nm 65.87±11.54 73.83±10.87 68.99±16.46 82.63±12.77 0.110
Isometric knee flexion, Nm 48.81±15.95 53.72±12.22 45.23±10.97 55.36±11.09h 0.034
Grip strength, kg 23.38±6.80 24.01±6.60 21.90±4.69 23.12±3.13 0.406
K-PASE, score 127.51±80.22 72.16±45.71i 133.51±42.53 194.26±37.21j k ＜0.001
CES-D 9.60±7.74 12.93±16.48 9.13±10.25 8.69±10.26 0.334

Abbreviations: HSEBT, High-speed elastic band training; K-PASE, Korean version of physical activity scale for elderly; CES-D, Center for epidemiological studies-depression scale.

Mean±SD.

Two-way analysis of variance.

Paired t-test, P＜0.001, compared with pre-test.

Independent t-test, P＜0.001, compared with control group.

Paired t-test, P=0.012, compared with pre-test.

Paired t-test, P＜0.001, compared with pre-test.

Independent t-test, P＜0.001, compared with control group.

Paired t-test, P＜0.001, compared with pre-test.

Paired t-test, P=0.003, compared with pre-test.

Paired t-test, P＜0.001, compared with pre-test.

Independent t-test, P＜0.001, compared with control group.