kjhp Korean Journal of Health Promotion Korean J Health Promot 2234-2141 2093-5676 The Korean Society of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention 10.15384/kjhp.2015.15.4.225 kjhp-15-225 Original Article Gender Differences in Factors Associated with Secondhand Smoke Exposure among Cancer Patients KimEun-Kyung 1 ChooJina 2 ChoiEun-Sook 3 Department of Nursing, Suwon Science College, Hwaseong, Korea College of Nursing, Korea University, Seoul, Korea Department of Nursing, The National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea ￭ Corresponding author：Jina Choo, PhD, DrPH College of Nursing, Korea University, 73 Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea Tel: +82-2-3290-4925, Fax: +82-2-928-9107 Email: jinachoo@korea.ac.kr 122015 19122015 154 225234 24022015 09082015 Copyright © 2015 The Korean Society of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention 2015 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Background

There is little evidence on the prevalence of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure among cancer patients. We aimed to investigate its prevalence, and to identify gender differences in factors associated with SHS exposure among cancer patients.

 Methods

Participants were 304 patients who have been treated via either inpatient or outpatient clinics in the National Cancer Center. SHS exposure was defined as an individual’s experience of SHS exposure during the past month. Gender-stratified analysis was performed by using a logistic regression analysis with potential covariates.

 Results

SHS exposure was prevalent in 69.5% of the total participants, specifically in 57.1% of men and 62.7% of women; however, it did not differ significantly by gender. The prevalence of SHS exposure at home was significantly greater in women (20.7%) than in men (4.4%) (P＝0.048). Among men, age ≤50 years (Adjusted odds ratio [OR]＝3.11; confidence interval [CI]＝1.05-9.24), employed status (Adjusted OR＝3.15; CI＝1.38-7.19), and having family smokers (Adjusted OR＝0.32; CI＝0.12-0.82) were significantly associated with SHS exposure. Among women, employment status (Adjusted OR＝2.67; CI＝1.40-5.10), good self-rated health (Adjusted OR＝2.35; CI＝1.20-4.61), and having family smokers (Adjusted OR＝2.03; CI＝1.05-3.91) were significantly associated with SHS exposure.

 Conclusions

Cancer patients were exposed to SHS by 69.5% during the past month. Among cancer patients, factors associated with SHS exposure differed by gender. Therefore, gender-specific strategies for preventing SHS exposure are needed for cancer patients.

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Sociodemographic, health- and smoking-related factorsa (N＝304)

Characteristics Total (N＝304) Male (n＝119) Female (n＝185) χ2 Pb
Sociodemographic factors Age, year
≤50 120 (39.5) 29 (24.4) 91 (49.2) 18.67 ＜0.001
≥51 184 (60.5) 90 (75.6) 94 (50.8)
Mean±SD 53.6±12.6 57.4±13.7 51.1±11.2
Education
＜College 73 (24.0) 30 (25.2) 43 (23.2) 0.15 0.783
≥ College 231 (76.0) 89 (74.8) 142 (76.8)
Employed
Yes 167 (54.9) 58 (48.7) 109 (58.9) 3.03 0.098
No 137 (45.1) 61 (51.3) 76 (41.1)
Health-related factors Cancer of origin
Stomach 68 (22.4) 47 (39.5) 21 (11.4) 142.06 ＜0.001
Colorectal 36 (11.8) 17 (14.3) 19 (10.2)
Genital 85 (28.0) 1 (0.8) 84 (45.4)
Respiratory 58 (19.1) 31 (26.1) 27 (14.6)
Hematologic 18 (5.9) 10 (8.4) 8 (4.3)
Others 39 (12.8) 13 (10.9) 26 (14.1)
Cancer treatmentc
Chemotherapy 201 (66.1) 81 (68.1) 120 (64.9) 0.33 0.620
Radiation 59 (19.4) 24 (20.2) 35 (18.9)
Surgery 169 (55.6) 57 (47.9) 112 (60.5)
Treatment duration, month 21.9±29.4 21.6±30.1 22.1±29.0
≥13 124 (40.8) 50 (42.0) 74 (40.0) 0.08 0.811
≤12 176 (57.9) 68 (57.1) 108 (58.4)
Missing 4 (1.3) 1 (0.8) 3 (1.6)
Treatment clinics
Outpatient 198 (65.1) 69 (58.0) 129 (69.7) 4.40 0.058
Inpatient 106 (34.9) 50 (42.0) 56 (30.3)
Self-rated health
Good 148 (48.7) 55 (46.2) 93 (50.3) 0.47 0.557
Bad 156 (51.3) 64 (53.8) 92 (49.7)
Smoking-related factors Smoking status
Current smoking 9 (3.0) 9 (7.5) 138.13 ＜0.001
Mean±SD
Amount, pieces/d 19.4±19.4 19.4±19.4
Duration, y 22.1±10.3 22.1±10.3
Former-smoking 93 (30.6) 78 (65.5) 15 (8.1)
Mean±SD
Amount, pieces/d 20.6±12.9 21.5±12.7 15.4±13.2
Smoking duration, y 22.8±13.6 24.2±13.7 14.8±10.7
Ex-smoking duration, y 7.6±10.3 8.4±11.0 3.3±3.5
Non-smoking 202 (66.4) 32 (26.9) 170 (91.9)
SHS-related factors Having family smokers
Yes 116 (38.2) 31 (26.1) 85 (45.9) 12.14 0.001
No 188 (61.8) 88 (73.9) 100 (54.1)
Message about SHS
Yes 293 (96.4) 113 (95.0) 180 (97.3) 1.13 0.350
No 11 (3.6) 6 (5.0) 5 (2.7)
Message sources about SHSc
TV 268 (88.2) 101 (84.9) 167 (90.3)
Radio 51 (16.8) 24 (20.2) 27 (14.6)
Internet 103 (33.9) 38 (31.9) 65 (35.1)
Newspaper/Magazine 116 (38.2) 45 (37.8) 71 (38.4)
Signboard 98 (32.2) 31 (26.1) 67 (36.2)
Health education 16 (5.3) 4 (3.4) 12 (6.5)
Anti-SHS education by healthcare professionals
Yes 89 (29.3) 49 (41.2) 40 (21.6) 13.37 ＜0.001
No 215 (70.7) 70 (58.8) 145 (78.4)

Abbreviations: SHS＝secondhand smoke; SD, standard deviation.

Values are presented as n (%) unless otherwise indicated.

Calculated by chi-square test.

Multiple responses allowed.

Prevalence of SHS exposure by gendera (N＝304)

Characteristics Total (n＝304) Male (n＝119) Female (n＝185) χ2/t Pb
Exposure to SHS
Yes 184 (69.5) 68 (57.1) 116 (62.7) 0.93 0.339
No 120 (39.5) 51 (42.9) 69 (37.3)
Weekly frequency of SHS exposure
Mean±SD 4.0±4.1 4.4±6.1 3.8±2.2 0.95 0.340
Places of SHS exposurec
Outside of public place 128 (69.5) 43 (63.3) 83 (71.5) 69.07 0.048
Inside of public place 54 (29.3) 31 (45.6) 23 (19.8)
Home 27 (14.6) 3 (4.4) 24 (20.7)

Abbreviations: SHS, secondhand smoke; SD, standard deviation.

Values are presented as n (%) unless otherwise indicated.

Calculated by chi-square test.

Multiple responses allowed.

SHS Exposure by general characteristicsa (N＝304)

Characteristics SHS Exposure
Male (n＝119) Female (n＝185)
Total Total
Age, year
≤ 50 29 23 (79.3)c 91 56 (61.5)
≥ 51 90 45 (50.0) 94 60 (63.8)
Education
≥ College 89 54 (60.7) 142 91 (64.1)
＜College 30 14 (46.7) 43 25 (58.1)
Employed
Yes 58 42 (72.4)c 109 79 (72.5)c
No 61 26 (42.6) 76 37 (48.7)
Self-rated health Good 55 33 (60.0) 93 68 (73.1)c
Bad 64 35 (54.7) 92 48 (52.2)
Treatment duration, month
≥ 13 50 33 (66.0) 74 56 (75.7)
≤ 12 68 35 (51.5) 108 57 (52.8)
Treatment clinic
Outpatient 69 42 (60.9) 129 88 (68.2)b
Inpatient 50 26 (52.0) 56 28 (50.0)
Smoking status Current/former 87 55 (63.2)b 15 11 (73.3)
Non Family member’s smoker 32 13 (40.6) 170 105 (61.8)
Yes 31 11 (35.5) 85 60 (70.6)b
No 88 57 (64.8) 100 56 (56.0)
SHS message
Yes 113 66 (58.4) 180 114 (63.3)
No 6 2 (33.3) 5 2 (40.0)
Anti-SHS education from healthcare teams
Yes 49 30 (61.2) 40 21 (52.5)
No 70 38 (54.3) 145 95 (65.5)

Abbreviation: SHS, secondhand smoke.

Values are presented as n (%).

P＜0.05 calculated by chi-square test.

P＜0.01 calculated by chi-square test.

Factors associated with SHS exposure by gendera (N＝304)

Variables SHS exposure
Male (n＝119) Female (n＝185)
Age, y
≤50 3.11 (1.05-9.24) -
≥51 1.00
Employed
Yes 3.15 (1.38-7.19) 2.67 (1.40-5.10)
No 1.00 1.00
Self-rated health
Good - 2.35 (1.20-4.61)
Bad 1.00
Treatment clinics
Outpatient 1.60 (0.69-3.72) 1.74 (0.87-3.46)
Inpatient 1.00 1.00
Smoking status
Current/former 2.51 (0.98-6.43) -
Non-smoking 1.00
Having family smokers
Yes 0.32 (0.12-0.82) 2.03 (1.05-3.91)
No 1.00 1.00
Anti-SHS education from healthcare teams
Yes - 0.60 (0.37-1.78)
No 1.00

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; SHS, secondhand smoke.

Values are presented as adjusted OR (95% CI) calculated by the logistic regression analysis.